These aim to bring a large section of the population into the formal financial system. These include initiatives to open bank accounts to the unbanked, promote digital money transfers, and provide basic financial services to all.

Governments may give subsidized loans for specific purposes, such as housing, education, or starting a business. These loans often come with lower interest rates or extended repayment terms.

These programs target small entrepreneurs and individuals in need of small loans for income-generating activities. Microfinance initiatives often focus on building up entrepreneurship and reducing poverty.

Governments may introduce insurance schemes to provide financial protection to vulnerable groups. This can include health insurance, crop insurance for farmers, and life insurance programs.

To support citizens in their retirement, governments may implement pension schemes that ensure financial security for individuals after they leave the workforce.

These schemes aim to encourage banks to lend to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) by providing a guarantee against default. This helps businesses access credit more easily.

Governments often run financial literacy initiatives to educate the public about financial management, investment options, and responsible financing.

Some government schemes may provide tax incentives to individuals or businesses engaged in specific financial activities, such as investing in certain sectors or saving for retirement.

These schemes involve the government constituting the interest rate on loans, making borrowing more affordable for specific groups or schemes.